Which federal agency was the first to fund research grants?

The Office of Naval Research (ONR) was established in 1946 and is notable for being the first federal agency dedicated to funding scientific research, particularly in the fields of naval and oceanic studies. The ONR was created to improve the Navy’s understanding of technology and science that could enhance naval operations, which led to a significant investment in innovative research initiatives.

The other agencies mentioned have important roles in funding research as well, but the ONR specifically holds the distinction of being the pioneer in establishing a federal structure for research grants. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Science Foundation (NSF), for example, focus on specific areas of health research and broader scientific research, respectively, but they followed the ONR's establishment when it comes to federal research funding initiatives. The Department of Energy also plays a critical role in funding research, particularly in energy-related topics, but it was not the first agency to create research grants.